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Harold Innis
Harold Adams Innis (; November 5, 1894 – November 8, 1952) was a Canadian professor of political economy at the University of Toronto and the author of seminal works on media, communication theory and Canadian economic history. Despite his dense and difficult prose, Innis was one of Canada's most original thinkers. He helped develop the staples thesis, which holds that Canada's culture, political history and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as fur, fishing, lumber, wheat, mined metals and coals.〔Easterbrook, W.T. and Watkins, M.H. (1984) "The Staple Approach". In ''Approaches to Canadian Economic History''. Ottawa: Carleton Library Series, Carleton University Press, pp. 1–98.〕
Innis's writings on communication explore the role of media in shaping the culture and development of civilizations.〔Babe, Robert E. (2000) "The Communication Thought of Harold Adams Innis". In ''Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 51–88.〕 He argued, for example, that a balance between oral and written forms of communication contributed to the flourishing of Greek civilization in the 5th century BC.〔Heyer, Paul. (2003) ''Harold Innis''. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., p. 66.〕 He warned, however, that Western civilization is now imperiled by powerful, advertising-driven media obsessed by "present-mindedness" and the "continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity".〔Innis, Harold. (1952) ''Changing Concepts of Time''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p. 15.〕 His intellectual bond with Eric A. Havelock formed the foundations of the “Toronto School of Communication” which provided a source of inspiration for future members of the school: Marshall McLuhan and Edmund Snow Carpenter.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Harold Adams Innis )〕
Innis laid the basis for scholarship that looked at the social sciences from a distinctly Canadian point of view. As the head of the University of Toronto's political economy department, he worked to build up a cadre of Canadian scholars so that universities would not continue to rely as heavily on British or American-trained professors unfamiliar with Canada's history and culture. He was successful in establishing sources of financing for Canadian scholarly research.〔Watson, Alexander John. (2006) ''Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 14–23.〕
Innis also tried to defend universities from political and economic pressures. He believed that independent universities, as centres of critical thought, were essential to the survival of Western civilization.〔Innis, Harold. (1951) "A Plea for Time". In ''The Bias of Communication.'' Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 83–89.〕 His intellectual disciple and university colleague, Marshall McLuhan, lamented Innis's premature death as a disastrous loss for human understanding. McLuhan wrote: "I am pleased to think of my own book ''The Gutenberg Galaxy'' as a footnote to the observations of Innis on the subject of the psychic and social consequences, first of writing then of printing."〔McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) ''Marshall McLuhan Unbound.'' Corte Madera, CA : Gingko Press v. 8, p. 8. This is a reprint of McLuhan's introduction to the 1964 edition of Innis's book ''The Bias of Communication'' first published in 1951.〕
==Rural roots==
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